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Peptide studies from bench to Phase III

Scientific evidence for every compound in the catalog. Each entry is DOI-linked, categorized by study phase and application, and documented transparently.

Kennzahlen · Live
Listed studies
33
Human studies
18
Randomized trials
12
Study participants
24,117
…
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Filter · Literature
00Peptide
01Application
02Study type
Results
33 / 33 studies
Phase II RCTHumanMetabolic Research

Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial

Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP et al. · N Engl J Med · 2023 · 389:514-526

Retatrutide 12 mg led to a mean weight loss of 24.2% over 48 weeks, the highest published efficacy among anti-obesity agents.

Retatrutide
n =
338
Trial phase
II
DOI · 10.1056/NEJMoa2301972↗
Phase II RCTHumanMetabolic Research

Retatrutide, a GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 2 randomised trial

Rosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff AM et al. · Lancet · 2023 · 402:529-544

HbA1c reduction up to 2.02% and 16.9% weight loss over 36 weeks in T2D patients.

Retatrutide
n =
281
Trial phase
II
DOI · 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X↗
Phase III RCTHumanMetabolic Research

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S et al. · N Engl J Med · 2021 · 384:989-1002

Semaglutide 2.4 mg/week produced 14.9% mean weight loss vs. 2.4% placebo over 68 weeks, supporting Wegovy approval.

Semaglutide
n =
1,961
Trial phase
III
DOI · 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183↗
Phase III RCTHumanMetabolic ResearchPharmacology

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6)

Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A et al. · N Engl J Med · 2016 · 375:1834-1844

26% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in high-risk T2D patients over 104 weeks.

Semaglutide
n =
3,297
Trial phase
III
DOI · 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141↗
Phase III RCTHumanMetabolic ResearchPharmacology

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT)

Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM et al. · N Engl J Med · 2023 · 389:2221-2232

20% reduction in MACE in non-diabetic obese patients, the first obesity therapy with a primary CV outcome.

Semaglutide
n =
17,604
Trial phase
III
DOI · 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563↗
Phase III RCTHumanMetabolic ResearchPharmacology

Effects of Tesamorelin on Visceral Fat in HIV-Infected Adults with Excess Abdominal Fat

Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K et al. · N Engl J Med · 2007 · 357:2359-2370

Tesamorelin 2 mg/day reduced visceral fat by 15.2% vs. placebo in 26 weeks, leading to Egrifta approval.

Tesamorelin
n =
412
Trial phase
III
DOI · 10.1056/NEJMoa072375↗
Phase II RCTHumanMetabolic Research

Effect of Tesamorelin on Visceral Fat and Liver Fat in HIV-Infected Adults with NAFLD

Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J et al. · JAMA · 2014 · 312:380-389

Relative 32% liver fat reduction over 6 months in HIV patients with NAFLD.

Tesamorelin
n =
50
Trial phase
II
DOI · 10.1001/jama.2014.8334↗
Phase I RCTHumanWellness and Sports

Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GHRH, in healthy adults

Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B et al. · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2006 · 91:799-805

Single-dose CJC-1295 increased GH 2-10 fold for up to 6 days and IGF-1 for up to 11 days.

n =
21
Trial phase
I
DOI · 10.1210/jc.2005-1536↗
In VitroWellness and Sports

Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue

Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL et al. · Eur J Endocrinol · 1998 · 139:552-561

Selective GH release without ACTH, cortisol, or prolactin rise.

Ipamorelin
DOI · 10.1530/eje.0.1390552↗
Systematic ReviewHumanWellness and Sports

Sermorelin: A better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency?

Walker RF · Clin Interv Aging · 2006 · 1:307-308

Sermorelin stimulates physiological pulsatile GH release, considered safer than exogenous rhGH in adult GHD.

Sermorelin Acetate
DOI · 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.307↗
Systematic ReviewWound Healing

Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract

Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R et al. · Curr Pharm Des · 2011 · 17:1612-1632

Pentadecapeptide with documented GI ulcer healing, tendon repair, and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in preclinical models.

BPC-157
DOI · 10.2174/138161211796196954↗
In VitroWound HealingWellness and Sports

The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration

Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS et al. · J Appl Physiol · 2011 · 110:774-780

BPC-157 promotes tenocyte migration and outgrowth in vitro via FAK-paxillin signaling.

BPC-157
DOI · 10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010↗
Systematic ReviewWound Healing

Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues

Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK · Trends Mol Med · 2005 · 11:421-429

Thymosin beta-4 modulates actin and supports wound healing, angiogenesis, and cardiac repair.

TB-500
DOI · 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.07.004↗
Systematic ReviewHumanWound Healing

Thymosin beta-4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications

Crockford D, Turjman N, Allan C, Angel J · Ann N Y Acad Sci · 2010 · 1194:179-189

Clinical TB-500 programs show accelerated healing in corneal injury, pressure ulcers, and MI.

TB-500
DOI · 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05492.x↗
Systematic ReviewWound HealingImmunology

A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide

Vandamme D, Landuyt B, Luyten W, Schoofs L · Cell Immunol · 2012 · 280:22-35

Human cathelicidin LL-37: antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing multi-target profile.

LL-37
DOI · 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009↗
Systematic ReviewHumanCosmetics and Skin CareWound HealingLongevity

Biological Activities of the Tripeptide GHK and the Cosmetic Applications of the GHK Peptide

Pickart L, Margolina A · Cosmetics · 2018 · 5:11

GHK-Cu modulates collagen and reactivates thousands of genes toward youthful expression patterns.

GHK-Cu
DOI · 10.3390/cosmetics5010011↗
Systematic ReviewWound HealingCosmetics and Skin Care

The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling

Pickart L · J Biomater Sci Polym Ed · 2008 · 19:969-988

Foundational review of copper binding, anti-inflammation, and tissue regeneration by GHK.

GHK-Cu
DOI · 10.1163/156856208784909435↗
In VitroCosmetics and Skin Care

Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 and Acetyl Octapeptide-3 in cosmetic anti-wrinkle formulations — comparative study

Wang Y, Wang M, Xiao S et al. · Int J Cosm Sci · 2013 · 35:459-463

SNAP-8 inhibits catecholamine release at the neuromuscular junction in vitro.

Snap-8
DOI · 10.1111/ics.12042↗
Animal ModelWound HealingImmunology

PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV Uptake Reduces Intestinal Inflammation

Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HTT et al. · Gastroenterology · 2008 · 134:166-178

KPV tripeptide reduces inflammatory markers in colitis models via PepT1 uptake.

KPV
DOI · 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026↗
Animal ModelMetabolic ResearchLongevity

The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG et al. · Cell Metab · 2015 · 21:443-454

Mitochondrial MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity and reduces high-fat-diet obesity in mice.

MOTS-c
DOI · 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009↗
Phase II RCTHumanPharmacologyWellness and Sports

Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy

Karaa A, Haas R, Goldstein A et al. · Neurology · 2018 · 90:e1212-e1221

Elamipretide (SS-31) improved 6-minute walk distance by 64.5 m in primary mitochondrial myopathy.

SS-31
n =
30
Trial phase
II
DOI · 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005255↗
Phase I RCTHumanPharmacology

Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide in Heart Failure Treatment: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Elamipretide

Daubert MA, Yow E, Dunn G et al. · Circ Heart Fail · 2017 · 10:e004389

Single-dose SS-31 acutely reduced LV end-systolic volume by 18 ml in HFrEF patients.

SS-31
n =
36
Trial phase
I
DOI · 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004389↗
Case SeriesHumanCentral Nervous System

Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease

Sechi G, Deledda MG, Bua G et al. · Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry · 1996 · 20:1159-1170

IV glutathione reduced UPDRS scores by 42% in early Parkinson's disease over 30 days.

Glutathione
n =
9
DOI · 10.1016/S0278-5846(96)00103-0↗
Animal ModelCentral Nervous System

Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties

Eremin KO, Kudrin VS, Saransaari P et al. · Bull Exp Biol Med · 2005 · 139:157-160

Semax increases BDNF and dopamine in prefrontal cortex in rat models.

Semax
DOI · 10.1007/s10517-005-0241-2↗
Phase II RCTHumanCentral Nervous System

Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of Selank in generalized anxiety disorder

Zozulya AA, Neznamov GG, Syunyakov TS et al. · Bull Exp Biol Med · 2008 · 146:106-108

Intranasal Selank showed anxiolytic effects comparable to medazepam without sedation.

Selank
n =
62
Trial phase
II
DOI · 10.1007/s10517-008-0227-y↗
Phase II RCTHumanCentral Nervous System

Effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on insomnia: a clinical study

Schneider-Helmert D, Schoenenberger GA · Eur Neurol · 1986 · 25:99-104

DSIP infusions reduced chronic insomnia symptoms and improved sleep architecture.

DSIP
n =
16
Trial phase
II
DOI · 10.1159/000116090↗
In VitroCentral Nervous SystemLongevity

Pinealon protects neurons against hypoxia and reactive oxygen species in vitro

Khavinson VKh, Yashin AI, Mikhailova ON et al. · Neuroendocrinol Lett · 2011 · 32:620-623

Pinealon tripeptide is neuroprotective under hypoxia and reduces ROS-induced neuronal death.

Pinealon
Systematic ReviewHumanLongevity

Peptide regulation of aging: 35-year research experience

Khavinson VKh · Bull Exp Biol Med · 2014 · 156:251-254

35-year overview of peptide-based aging modulation including telomerase and circadian effects.

EpithalonPinealon
DOI · 10.1007/s10517-013-2326-7↗
Animal ModelLongevity

Effect of Epithalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female CBA mice

Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG et al. · Mech Ageing Dev · 2003 · 124:453-459

Epithalon extended median lifespan in CBA mice by 12.3% and reduced spontaneous tumors.

Epithalon
DOI · 10.1016/S0047-6374(02)00134-1↗
Animal ModelLongevity

Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging

Baar MP, Brandt RMC, Putavet DA et al. · Cell · 2017 · 169:132-147.e16

FOXO4-DRI selectively induces senescent cell apoptosis and improves healthspan in aged mice.

FOXO4-DRI
DOI · 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.031↗
Systematic ReviewHumanImmunologyPharmacology

Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical application

Garaci E, Pica F, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P et al. · Crit Rev Immunol · 2010 · 30:199-217

Thymosin alpha-1 as immunomodulator with approved uses in hepatitis B/C in several countries.

Thymosin Alpha-1
DOI · 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v30.i2.70↗
In VitroPharmacology

PNC-27 anticancer peptide selectively targets HDM-2 in cancer cell membranes

Sookoian S, Pirola CJ et al. · Curr Pharm Biotechnol · 2010 · 11:807-816

PNC-27 binds membrane HDM-2 in tumor cells with selective cytotoxicity.

PNC-27
DOI · 10.2174/138920110793262060↗
Animal ModelMetabolic ResearchPharmacology

Targeted induction of apoptosis in adipose tissue vasculature by a designer peptide (Adipotide) — preclinical proof of concept

Barnhart KF, Christianson DR, Hanley PW et al. · Sci Transl Med · 2011 · 3:108ra112

Adipotide reduced adiposity by 11% in rhesus monkeys via white adipose vasculature apoptosis.

Adipotide
DOI · 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002621↗